Writing an Admissions Essay :: College Admissions Essays

Writing an Admissions Essay The process of writing—and writing admissions essays in particular—invites a consciously-constructed performance of the self. What I mean by this is that a text—any text—inevitably conveys some persona; and when that text is known as an autobiography or representation of the self, the persona of the text is under even more scrutiny. Andy Warhol, with whom we could never be sure of where the performance ended and where the self started, once said, â€Å"When I did my self-portrait, I left all the pimples out because you always should. . . . Always omit the blemishes—they’re not part of the good picture you want.† * This statement has relevance for any act of self-representation, including admissions essays. Because the essay is an acknowledged representation of the self, the student tries to omit â€Å"blemishes† or whatever material she thinks will make her unattractive to the school. She consciously tries to frame her essay so that it will project the particular kind of persona she thinks the admissions officers want to see. However much they tell you, â€Å"Just be yourself,† that’s hardly possible when so much rides on how that self is presented. Even more challenging than the decision of how to frame this self-portrait is the anxiety-producing task of choosing a topic. For example, in a recent New York Times article, a student lamented the fact that no one had died in her family thus leaving her without anything moving to write about. Admissions essays are an unusual and peculiar exercise, one in which we know the student performs. But the school is performing, too. The University, in particular, is known for its quirky and surprising essay questions. This quirkiness itself is a performance of a kind that seeks to attract a certain type of student, perhaps the creative or quirky.

Civil War Dbq

AP US History This DBQ received a 7 Civil War DBQ As American settlers stretched westward in the 1850’s, the ambiguity of the Constitution framed 60 years earlier increased sectional tension over the topic of slavery. Initially, the framers of the constitution left the issue of slavery to be worked out in the country’s future. This in turn convinced the Southern states that their â€Å"peculiar institution† would be â€Å"respected and maintained. However, as years passed, the United States acquired more territory, and as more territories applied for statehood, the issue arose whether or not the new states would be admitted as a Slave State or Free State. Americans also disputed the very status of a slave, and whether or not a fugitive slave in the Northern Free States was guaranteed his or her freedom from their masters down south. It was debates like these, due to the vague details of the constitution, that created enormous repercussions– ones that wou ld trigger a series of Slavery related legislation, and ultimately the destruction the union.Following President Polk’s successful victory against the young Republic of Mexico, Americans gained a significant amount of western land including Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and most importantly the promising, golden coastal territory of California. To pacify the growing discord between North and South, the Democratic Senator, Stephan Douglas of Illinois, combined 5 Bills that would secure California as a Free State and would abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. It also included the Fugitive Slave Act. In addition, Utah and New Mexico would grant its citizens popular sovereignty.This was the Compromise of 1850. As a result, New Mexico and Utah became slave states. Due to the Federal Constitution’s vagueness, this compromise allowed states to decide for themselves the issue of slavery. Consequently, the most favorable and democratic solution seemed Louis Cassâ₠¬â„¢s idea of popular sovereignty. Four years later, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by Congress, which again allowed popular sovereignty in the Nebraska Territory. This also repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery north of the 36-30 degree of latitude. As a result, Nebraska became a slave state.However, in the fear of losing Kansas to Anti-Slavery settlers, Pro-Slavery Missourians flooded Kansas to overwhelm the polls on Election Day. Though Slavery had passed in Kansas, it was charged a fraud. In 1856, this erupted into the infamous conflict between the Pro-Slavery â€Å"Border Ruffians† and the John Brown supporters of abolitionism. Nicknamed â€Å"Bleeding Kansas,† it was America’s first violent conflict over the unsettled issue of slavery. As a lame duck, Pro-Slavery President Pierce, relied on settling the conflict with the LeCompton Constitution of 1857—a constitution that would legalize slavery in Kansas.Buchanan, soo n after, took office just before congress voted. Though passed by the Senate, the LeCompton Constitution failed in the House of Representatives because Northern Democrats fled to the Republican Party. Pierce’s failure to recognize the depth of the Free-Soiler’s sentiment in the North led the historic Midterm Elections of 1858. Republicans, the Anti-Slavery party established only four years prior, took a plurality in the House of Representatives, foreshadowing Lincoln’s election in 1861 and ultimately, Southern succession.As the creation of Slave and Free States spurred political debate, the individual status of a slave remained questionable due to legislation being nonexistent in the Constitution. Following the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act pressured Northerns to recapture and return slaves that fled north. This mandate became the first constitutional law that limited the rights of slaves, nonetheless â€Å"forcing slavery down the throats† o f Free Soilers in the north. Northerns could now no longer ride the fence, because now they were coerced by law to act.This also strengthened the Abolitionist movement led by William Lloyd Garrison, which had already picked up momentum from Harriett Beacher Stowe’s best-selling novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, published in 1852. Another historic event that resulted in the Constitution’s ambiguity was the Supreme Court case Scott v. Sanford. Being a former slave residing in the free-state of Wisconsin, Dred Scott sued for his freedom. However, in 1857 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled by â€Å"majority opinion† that any blacks, regardless of their territory, possessed no right to sue.They had rights. This decision angered many Northerns because the ruling was based off opinion alone. There was no clear Constitutional law that had justified prohibiting the rights of Northern free black. Moreover, to maintain national unity, the original absence of any constitutio nal restriction or protection of the institution of slavery led to sectional discord. Such tension between North and South, due to their polarizing philosophical views on slavery, led individual states to decide whether or not they were Pro- or Anti-Slavery.In addition, Federal (Pro-Slavery) legislation ironically began to deny the citizenship of even Free Blacks within Free States, which seems almost hypocritical for the Pro-Slavery leaders to proclaim States’ Rights to justify their succession. However, because there was no constitutional restriction, Southerns lawfully claimed had the right to succeed from the Union, and did so in 1861 out fear of Lincoln’s Freeport Doctrine. Therefore, because the constitution circumvented the issue of slavery to achieve national unity, the addition of new states reintroduced the sectional discord rooted in slavery, which ultimately dissolved the union.

The Road Taken By William Carlos Williams And Robert Frost

The Road Taken As with everything else, literature changes with the times. We can track history through books, poems, and other literary works. As time has gone on some authors and poets have been more comfortable with establishing new literary norms while other prefer to maintain traditional forms. Between World War I and World War II the literary world was in a turbulent time. Authors and poets spoke out against social and political struggles. This can be specifically seen in the works of William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost, who both held on to literary tradition to communicate their struggle with the changing world around them. William Carlos Williams, a poet known for ensuring that his poems were attainable and understandable by all of the general American population, is a prime example of the believe in the necessities â€Å"literary tradition† hold in poetry. He also was an advocate of how â€Å"popular culture in serious literature† (Loeffelholz, 6) was wh at hindered many poets. His attachment to literary tradition is seen in all of his poems. He â€Å"rejected ‘free verse’, believing, â€Å"...rhythm within the line and linking one line to another, was the heart of poetic craft to him.† (Norton Anthology American Literature Volume D, 303) This is evident in all of his poems, specifically in ‘Queen-Anne’s-Lace’, where rhythm and rhyme are both very necessary components to communicate the delicacy and beauty of the woman in question. Though Williams was a stickler forShow MoreRelatedMajor Movements Of Poetry : Poetry, Comedy, Ode And Lyric Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesa common practice. †¢ Romantic Poets – The Romantic period was based on the work of seven poets. It was rooted in heartfelt, personal expression. It is regarded as one of the greatest movements in poetic history. It began in the late 1790s with William Blake and ended with Lord Byron’s demise in 1824. †¢ American Transcendentalists (1836-1860) – The transcendentalists, which included poets such as Emerson, Louisa May Alcott, Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne, organized a cohesive movement againstRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 PagesThere is no one definite meaning unless it’s an allegory, where characters, events, places have a one-on-one correspondence symbolically to other things. (Animal Farm) c. Actions, as well as objects and images, can be symbolic. i.e. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost d. How to figure it out? Symbols are built on associations readers have, but also on emotional reactions. Pay attention to how you feel about a text. 13. It’s All Political a. Literature tends to be written by people interested in theRead MoreMichael Gows Away3204 Words   |  13 Pagestogether - can effect everyone involved. 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Euthanasia Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1229 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Euthanasia Essay Did you like this example? Since when does people kill their selves to cure diseases? Euthanasia most commonly known as medically assisted suicide to end one’s life. Most people want to have a right to die because they may be terminally ill and be in excruciating pain that may feel like torment (BBC). Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States, but there are states that have legalized this. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Euthanasia Practice" essay for you Create order Even though many people think one should have the right to die there are many organizations that are against the idea of euthanasia. One of the organizations is Hope and their mission is to create networks to put up a barrier to euthanasia (Hope). Hope is a coalition single group that wants to create a positive but effective message to the public. Another organization is Voice for life and their concern is to speak up for life regardless of any circumstances (Voice for life). Voice for life was founded in 1970 by a professor named Sir William Liley in New Zealand (History). Both organizations have similar views on euthanasia and have the knowledge that life is important regardless of any situation. Even though the organizations may differ, they have the same views on the issue and the purpose of this essay is to implement a partnership. Hope is a single coalition group who oppose euthanasia and is located in Australia. Hope is an organization that firmly believes that euthanasia or medically assisted suicide poses a risk for the vulnerable. Many elderly people who are the vulnerable feel pressured into making the decision to end their life because of being a burden to their families and the state (The telegraph). Most families are the ones that put the ideas in the elder’s head that the family would be better off without them. Euthanasia opens a pathway for the terminally ill, disabled, and the elderly people to see themselves to be an extreme emotional and financial burden to others (the national centre). In the states that allow euthanasia the children have to pick where one will have a medically assisted suicide. Some say that children shouldn’t have the right to choose euthanasia because children don’t have the knowledge or grasp on what life and death is (Debate). Hope’s organization creates networks of people who want to educate people of all ages on the issue of euthanasia. The organization goes around the world to organize events and have quality speakers to speak to people of all ages. These events give people the hope that one needs to advocate the issue and learn the measures of euthanasia that makes it almost unthinkable. During these events it is discussed how a medically assisted suicide would originally be performed and the effects of the suicide. During a euthanasia patient is injected with a local anesthetic that makes one fall into a coma, and the person will slowly stop breathing (Quora). The organization researches how an euthanasia is performed and shares it with their audience. While doing the research information is exchange between many people to get different ideas. Similarly, Voice for life advocates against euthanasia but in a different way. Voice for life believes one shouldn’t be allowing to kill themselves over diseases because that is not a cure. Voice for life values human life as some as conception to a natural death (Voice for life). Voice for life was founded in March 1970 in New Zealand. This organization was founded when two gynecologist specialists became aware of the abortion rates. In 2005 Voice for life expanded to all of women health and euthanasia as a topic of debate. Voice for life has over 30 branches that is educating and informing the public on the values of a human life. The organization challenges the communities outlook on euthanasia and to seek protection by law of the human law. Oregon, Vermont, and Washington have legalized assisted suicide (Sharecare). Montana can perform assisted suicide only after a court ruling (Sharecare). Most of the United States have not legalized euthanasia due to many rejected thro ughout some states. Voice for life wants to keep most of the United States to be against euthanasia and realize what the value of life is. Hope and Voice for life have similar views on euthanasia but have different ways on advocating the issue. Hope and Voice for life know the importance of life itself and want to educate the public about life. If Hope and Voice for life came together into a partnership, it would really benefit both organizations significantly. Coming into one would make them more significant because one lacks what the other has. Hope has a broadly well-known network base, but Voice for life is more of street post and local newspapers. If the two organization came as one, they would reach a larger base of audience. If Hope and Voice for life came into a partnership, there would be room to grow for both organizations as a whole. Hope organization offers events to educate the public while Voice for life will hand out packets with more information. After the events there will be people outside handing out packets and free to answer any questions one might have. These organizations would get the money for all events through funding. Hope and Voice for life will set up fundraisers to ensure a steady income to help with their partnership. Hope has testimonials from people who have cancer and terminal illnesses, Voice for life can broadcast these testimonials through media with the permission of the people. The testimonials being broadcast will get more people to know what’s it like to be sick but not to think about euthanasia. Voice for life seeks protection through legal action to enforce that euthanasia does not spread and Hope can get people lawyers involved through their large network base. Hope can find lawyers and policemen to help find legal action while Voice for life is knowledgeable about any legal action they can find. Hope organization has a team that researches euthanasia and builds on it, Voice for life can present the researched material to the media as a pro-life message. These organization are significant in gathering up people to fight their cause. The organizations want to educate and inform their audience about euthanasia. Hope organization is a single group of people who firmly believe that euthanasia poses risks to the vulnerable. Hope wants to create a message to all ages of people that euthanasia is not okay and should not be legalized. Voice for life believes that euthanasia will not cure anything. The organization wants people to understand and educate themselves about euthanasia. The organizations have a different way to advocate the issue but come together as a whole when it comes to with or against. These two organizations would benefit from coming together as partners and educating a larger audience. Hope and Voice for life are better together than apart because they make a stronger team and task force. These organizations would reach a larger audience, have support through legal actions, and have many ways to present information. References: https://www.sharecare.com/health/health-care-basics/in-which-states-euthanasia-assisted-suicide-legal https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/introduction.shtml https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9478399/Assisted-suicide-comment-euthanasia-puts-the-vulnerable-at-risk.html https://www.nathaniel.org.nz/euthanasia/23-campaigns/euthanasia/modal-windows/257-the-dangers-of-euthanasia-key-arguments https://www.quora.com/How-does-euthanasia-work-and-what-happens-inside-the-body https://www.sharecare.com/health/health-care-basics/in-which-states-euthanasia-assisted-suicide-legal

The Harms and Ill Effects of Slavery - 1134 Words

Slavery has had a huge impact throughout the world for many years . It started in the 1600s in north america and still continues in other countries today such as pakistan and mostly in india sudan and africa. Even though its still going on it was worse back then.When people think of slavery so many negative thoughts are all we can think of. It can be described in so many words like immoral, abusive, no freedom and racism. There were also many ways in which people dealt with slavery and it caused harm and affected lots of people throughout history. 1. Slavery began when african Americans were brought to the north american colony of jamestown, Virginia in 1619. They were shipped to north america as slaves. They set up a settlement , some men built homes and some died the first year of sickness and hunger. John smith was a captain that took control over the slaves in jamestown he made a rule that stated If a man did not work he did not eat. They colony then started to become successful. Plantations slaves in the 1800s were called field hands their jobs were to plant and pick cotton out of all slaves they had to work the longest from morning to night time. House slaves worked and servants and did jobs like laundry and cooking. Some slaves became craft workers which were carpenters or cabinetmakers some also worked in factories. 2.after working some people treated the slaves well by giving them gifts and money while other slaves got treated poorly either gettingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagespublished in 1987. The novel, for the most part, discusses the black community that is unwilling to incite their past and in this way, irritated by its incarnation (Abdullah 25). Toni Morrison does not dissent suppression. Rather, she is pained by its effect on the souls of the black individuals. Nevertheless, the novel approves Toni Morrison s ability in creating the free awareness of various individuals who bear the horrib le weight of a slavers unrevealed wrongdoings. (Balon 149). However, the issueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Omo Valley Of Southwest Ethiopia Between The Omo And Mago Rivers1394 Words   |  6 Pagessure of why the Mursi women began the practise of lip plates, since it poses risk of infection and other potentially harmful side effects, when an easy cure for these side effects are not easily within reach. One speculated theory of why the Mursi women began the practise of lip plates is when Western Settlers came, and began to kidnap the indigenous people for slavery. The women who would insert the lip plates were seen as ugly by the Western settlers, and therefore were not taken captive. AsRead MoreColonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean1599 Words   |  7 PagesDori Phelps COUN 535: Introduction to Counseling Dr. Deborah G. Haskins, LCPC, NCGC-II September 21, 2015 â€Å"Colonial America: When Slavery Got Mean† Colonial America: When Slavery Got Mean The practice of one person legally owning another is older than this great nation. Using people of color as chattel, a bad habit picked up from our mother country Britain, who got the idea from the Portuguese around the 1400’s (Carey, 2000), was an international affair. There were different types of bondageRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be taught to think so. That poverty causes crime is no more evident, empirically, than paddling school children causes crime, but poverty is the misery that is most readily accepted when people don’t know what else is at the heart of our social ills. Certainly, no one supports or advocates poverty because we all know that just doesn’t make any sense. So, no one would suggest that children, whose behavior is undesirable, should be subjected to poverty as a retributive response. However, despiteRead MoreDefense Of Globalization Is Beneficial For Every Nation1064 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct-foreign investment, short term capital flows, international flows of workers†¦ and flows of technology.† Then he tackles down various issues such as globalization’s effects on domestic and foreign labor market, women’s rights, gender discrimination, child labor abuse, and environmental destructi on. The scope of Bhagwati’s book mainly embraces globalization and free trades, his book truly satisfies critics on the pro-globalizationRead MoreNSTP 1 THESIS1479 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude racial prejudice. Contemporary issues can be contrasted with social issues that are not contemporary, such as the legality of American slavery. Since slavery was abolished by Abraham Lincoln, it is no longer a contemporary issue in the modern world, although slavery is still an issue in other parts of the world and there are still illegal slavery rings in some parts of the United States. Contemporary issues can include anything that still matters in the present day. Animal rights are a contemporaryRead MoreWhat Can Post Democracy Tell Us About Mncs And Extraterritorial Violations Of Human Rights?1195 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicit in great harm. Merely by operating in certain areas of the world, corporations can give economic support and moral sanction to governments implicated in highly oppressive or corrupt activities. Even in developed countries, the Starbucks and Amazons of the world compromise government revenues by avoiding taxation through sophisticated legal and financial devices, and the reckless activities of financial institutions have sparked economic crises with devastating and cumulative effects. In lightRead MoreBeloved: Critique with New Historicism1749 Words   |  7 Pagesbenevolent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, as well as provide insight into slavery and the aftermath as a whole. The characters feel as though they discover more and more as the novel passes in time, just as history unfolds. Critically this novel is recognized as one of the greatest works on the subject of slaverys impact onRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Darwinism1345 Words   |  6 Pagescommon place to hear plans and deduce ideologies of various candidates. Income inequalities has been one hot topic and address by almost all the candidates. Some believe a higher tax rate on the rich is the solution whiles others believe it will do more harm to the society good. I ask myself, should Mr. Herbert Spencer, Minister Graham Sumner, and Andrew Carnegie come back to life, what will be their response? The aforementioned are the considered the fathers of Social Darwinism. In this essay I will discussRead More The Dehumanization Process in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An Amer ican Slave2204 Words   |  9 PagesFrederick Douglass: An American Slave Throughout American history, minority groups were victims of American governmental policies, and these policies made them vulnerable to barbaric and inhumane treatment at the hands of white Americans. American slavery is a telling example of a government sanctioned institution that victimized and oppressed a race of people by indoctrinating and encouraging enslavement, racism and abuse. This institution is injurious to slaves and slave holders alike because American

Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Terminalia Belericabark Free Essays

The total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents have also been determined. The results of the present study shows that the aqueous extract of TBB possess antioxidant activity through the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The preliminary phytochemical investigation indicates the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Terminalia Belericabark or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results are found to be significant when compared with the standard ascorbic acid. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism and isolation of active constituents involved in the antioxidant activity.Key words: Terminalia belerica, DPPH, Flavonoid, Phenolic contents. INTRODUCTION Free radicals had been implicated in several human diseases e. g. atherosclerosis, arthritis, ischemia and reperfusion injury of many tissues, central nervous system injury, gastritis, ageing, inflammatory response syndrome, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, cancer and AIDS1-4. Many herbal plants contain antioxidant compounds and these compounds protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite5, 6.Moreover, these synthetic antioxidants also show low solubility and moderate antioxidant activity7. Therefore, many researchers are in search for antioxidants of natural origin. Terminalia belerica is a large deciduous tree with characteristic bark traditionally ________________________________________ * Author for correspondence; E-mail: singhaiak@rediffmail. com Singhai et al. : Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging†¦. called as Baheda or Bibitaki. It is grown throughout India. Its principal constituents are gallic acid, ellagic acid, ? -sitosterol and chebulagic acid8. It is astringent, tonic, expectorant and laxative.Its pulp is used in dropsy, piles and diaorrhea. It is also useful in leprosy, fever and hair care. It is also used in oxalic acid and preparation of ink. It is used in case of rheumatism. Seed oil is applied in skin diseases and premature graying of hair9, 10. In the present investigation, we have attempted to investigate the antioxidant potential of the barks of Terminalia belerica. EXPERIMENTAL Material and methods Plant material and extraction The barks of Terminalia belerica were collected from Bhopal, cut into small pieces and dried in shade for 5 days. The dried barks were then grinded. This material was macerated in water for 72 hours with occasional shaking in dark. Macerate was decanted and filtered. The marc was pressed and filtration was done 2-3 times. The macerates were concentrated to give aqueous extract (22. 13% w/w). Chemicals Various chemicals used were DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) (Sigma Chemicals, USA) and aluminum chloride. Ascorbic acid obtained from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. , India. Folin-Ciocalteus’s phenol reagent and sodium carbonate were from Merck Chemical Supplies (Damstadt, Germany). All chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.Preliminary phytochemical investigation The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out to know the different constituents present in aqueous fractions of Terminalia belerica as per the standard procedures. The extract were tested for alkaloids11, 12, sterols13, triterpenes14, saponins15, flavonoids16, tannins12,17, carbohydrates12, glycosides and amino acids12. Shinoda test and thin layer chromatography was also carried out to confirm the presence of flavonoids16. Nitric oxide scavenging method Sodium nitroprusside (final concentration 5 mM) in phosphate buffer saline was incubated with 0. mL of different concentrations of drug at 25oC for 5 hours. Control experiment was done without test compounds, but with equivalent amounts of buffer in an identical manner. After 5 hours of incubation, Griess reagent (1% sulphanilamide, 2% H3PO4 and 0. 1% napthyl ethylene diamine dihydrochloride) was added to 0. 5 mL of the incubated solution and absorbance was immediately measured at 546 nm using the JASCO V530 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Percentage inhibition of nitric oxide free radical was calculated by using the following equation: % Inhibition= {1- (Abs. of sample/ Abs. f blank)} x 100 †¦ (1) The experimental results were expressed as mean  ± standard error of mean (SEM) of three replicates18 (Table 1). Table 1: Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity of aqueous extract of terminalia belerica bark (tbb) S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conc. ( µg/mL) 100 200 300 400 500 % Scavenging Ascorbic acid 48. 82 53. 64 58. 98 82. 28 92. 23 Aq. TBB 29. 52  ± 0. 079 31. 17  ± 0. 112 38. 86  ± 0. 115 58. 65  ± 0. 021 65. 10  ± 0. 047 (n = 3, X  ± SEM) Determination of total phenolics Total phenolic contents (C) in the extracts were determined by the modified FolinCiocalteu method18, 19.An aliquot of the extract was mixed with 5 mL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted with water 1 : 10 v/v) and 4 mL (75 g/L) of sodium carbonate. The tubes were vortexed for 15 sec and allowed to stand for 30 min at 40 °C for color development. Absorbance was then measured at 765 nm using the JASCO V530 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Samples of extract were evaluated at different concentrations. Total phenolic contents was expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent. The experimental results were expressed as mean  ± standard error of mean (SEM) of three replicates (Table 2). C = c. V /m †¦ (2) Akhlesh Singhai et al. Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging†¦. Where C = Total phenolic content (mg/g) plant extract; c = Conc. of gallic acid established via calibration curve; V = Volume of extract; m = Wt. of plant extract (g) Table 2: Total phenolic and total flavanoid contents in terminalia belerica bark (tbb) S. No. 1. 2. a Sample Total phenolic content a Total flavanoid contentb Aqueous TBB (Aq. TBB) 0. 1226  ± 0. 77 2. 244  ± 0. 02 (n = 3, X  ± SEM) Expressed as mg gallic acid/g of dry plant material b Expressed as mg quercetin/g of dry plant material Determination of total flavonoids Total flavonoid contents (TFC) were determined using the method of Ordon et al. 20), of sample solution. A volume of 1. 5 mL of 2% AlCl3 ethanol solution was added to 1. 5 mL of sample solution. After one hour at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. A yellow color indicated the presence of flavonoids. Total flavonoid content was expressed as mg/g quercetin equivalent. The experimental results were expressed as mean  ± standard error of mean (SEM) of three replicates (Table 2). TFC = (Abs. x Dilution factor x 100)/ E1% x Wt. of extract (g) †¦ (3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary photochemical investigations of Terminalia belerica bark showed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins and flavonoids.Shinoda test and thin layer chromatography for flavonoids using mobile phase n-butanol : water : glacial acetic acid (40 : 50 : 10) and use of spraying reagent ferric chloride solution confirmed its presence. Nitric oxide exhibits numerous physiological properties and it is also implicated in several pathological states. The interaction of nitric oxide with other radicals leads to the formation of more hazardous radical such as peroxy nitrile anion and hydroxyl radical. The absorption maximum of a stable NO radical in methanol was at 546 nm. The IC50 values were found to be 363 g/mL and 144 g/mL for aqueous Terminalia belerica (Aq.TBB) and ascorbic acid, respectively. The extract had shown the activity in dose dependent manner (Fig. 2). Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity of aqueous extract of terminalia belerica bark (TBB) % Radical Scavenging Capacity 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Ascorbic acid Aq. TBB Conc. ( g/mL) Fig. 1: A significant decrease in the concentration of NO radical due to the scavenging ability of both Terminalia belerica and ascorbic acid Total phenolic and total flavanoid content Aq. TBB 2. 5 Conc. (mg/g) 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 Total phenolic content Total flavanoid content Fig. : Total phenolic and flavanoid contents of Terminalia belerica bark Polyphenols are the major plant compounds with antioxidant activity. This activity is believed to be mainly due to their redox properties21, which play an important role in adsorbing and neutralizing free radicals, quenching singlet and triplet oxygen, or decomposing peroxides. The results from this study strongly suggest that phenolics are Singhai et al. : Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging†¦. important components of these plants, and some of their pharmacological effects could be attributed to the presence of these valuable constituents.The total phenolic content in mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) was found to be 0. 1226 in aqueous extract of TBB. The total flavanoid content in mg/g quercetin quivalent was found to be 2. 244 in aqueous extract of TBB (Fig. 2). CONCLUSION The results of the present study shows that the aqueous extract of the barks of Terminalia belerica possess antioxidant activity (based on the DPPH free radical scavenging activity). The preliminary phytochemical investigation indicates the presence of flavonoids in Terminalia belerica bark.Polyphenols like flavonoids and tannins are the well known natural antioxidants. So, the antioxidant potential of Terminalia belerica may be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents. Although in most cases, the biological activities of the extracts from the barks of Terminalia belerica are not as high as those of the standard compounds used in this study; the present results indicate clearly that the aqueous extract of Terminalia belerica bark possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavengers, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. How to cite Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Terminalia Belericabark, Papers

Introduction to Antibiotics free essay sample

Antibiotics are among the most frequently used medications in the world today. A. They can cure anything from your minor discomforts to a life-threatening disease. B. However, if misused, antibiotics can cause many problems. II. Antibiotics are so overused, that the human body is becoming resistant to its cures. III. This morning I will show you that misusing antibiotics can be done without a person even realizing that they are doing it. A. First, antibiotics are used to feed animals to help with faster growth. B. Second, doctors are prescribing antibiotics when they don’t cure the disease the patient has. C. Third, when a patient is prescribed an antibiotic, they may not continue taking the prescribed amount after the symptoms are gone. (Transition: You may not know it, but you might be consuming antibiotics when you eat a hamburger. ) Body 1. Throughout the years, antibiotics have been used in an agricultural setting to feed the animals and promote growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Antibiotics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. An article dated January 28, 2008 entitled â€Å"Fight to Curtail Antibiotics in Animal Feed† by Sabin Russell in the San Francisco Chronicle, explains benefits and consequences of using antibiotics to feed these animals. . 70 percent of U. S. antibiotics are used in small doses in animal feed; not to treat disease but to promote the growth of the animals. 2. Antibiotics increase the speed of food-to-muscle conversion by 5 percent. 3. Antibiotics that are fed to cattle have been tied to the drug-resistances of salmonella which is found in humans. B. In his 2008 article â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance† in the Genetics Encyclopedia, Paul K. Small cited that the use of antibiotics in animal feeding is associated with antibiotic- resistant strains of bacteria. Transition: However, there are other ways that humans can become resistant to antibiotics other than simply consuming the meat of animals who had previously consumed an antibiotic. ) II. Misuses of antibiotics have also been linked to poor prescriptions that doctors give to their patients. A. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration stated in their article â€Å"Facts About Antibiotic Resistance† that antibiotics are given to patients more often than healthcare organizations recommend. 1. Doctors use antibiotics as treatment for the common cold or the flu, both of which are viruses that do not respond to antibiotics. . Some physicians are diagnosing a patient with little information about their symptoms, and will prescribe an antibiotic as a just-in-case. B. Doctors Thomas Hooten and Stuart Levy of the CME wrote in an article entitled â€Å"Confronting the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Overprescribing Antibiotics† blame the overprescribing on the doctors themselves. 1. Doctors may pr escribe broad-spectrum antibiotics instead of specific antibiotics to treat the symptoms that the patient has. a. Broad- Spectrum antibiotics are used prior to finding the cause of bacteria in a life-threatening situation, such as meningitis. Doctors use these when there are multiple bacteria causing illnesses that need to be treated. b. Specific antibiotics are used against a select bacterial type, or when the bacteria causing an illness are known. 2. Physicians prescribe antibiotics to simply please the patient. a. Patients request the medication, making doctors feel the need to fill the prescription to keep the patents satisfied with the office. b. Patients pressure doctors into prescribing certain mediations so they can get back to work or school sooner. (Transition: Have you ever been prescribed a medication for a sickness, and stopped taking it when your symptoms stopped? III. After the symptoms have stopped, a lot of people stop taking the antibiotics that they were prescribed. A. In an article written September 24, 2008 â€Å"The New Superbugs† printed in the Times of India, Bennett Colemen addresses the problems after an antibiotic is prescribed. 1. Patients use leftover medication if the symptoms come back in the future. 2. Drugs are distributed illegally- people who have used the drug for certain symptoms will give it to others who are currently having the symptoms. B. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration also address this problem. 1. Patients who are prescribed antibiotics but don’t take the full prescription can cause a resistance to that antibiotic. 2. When people do not complete the scheduled course, the medication can act as a â€Å"vaccination† for the surviving bacteria. (Transition: As you can see, it is sometimes impossible to be aware that you are not using an antibiotic in the correct way. ) Conclusion I. Although people may think that the antibiotic is the â€Å"cure all† medication, using them when it is not needed will cause you many problems. II. The misuse of antibiotics can be happening in many ways, three of which I have just addressed. A. Antibiotics that are being used in feeding agricultural animals to promote growth. B. Doctors over prescribing or wrongly prescribing an antibiotic. C. Patients who refuse to finish their full prescription, and continue taking a prescription when the symptoms reoccur. III. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medicines in modern medicine. A. Antibiotics are vital in curing life-threatening diseases. B. Antibiotics should be used the way that they are meant to be used, so that they can benefit the users as much as possible.